在化工、能源领域，硫元素常以“污染物”形象出现——含硫废水、烟气中的二氧化硫（SO₂）、硫化氢（H₂S）不仅腐蚀设备，更威胁生态与健康。然而，在微生物眼中，硫却是生命活动的“能量货币”。生物脱硫技术，正是利用这种化学与生命的跨界协作，将污染转化为资源。

　　In the fields of chemical and energy, sulfur often appears as a "pollutant" - sulfur dioxide (SO ₂) and hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S) in sulfur-containing wastewater and flue gas not only corrode equipment, but also threaten ecology and health. However, in the eyes of microorganisms, sulfur is the "energy currency" of life activities. Biological desulfurization technology utilizes the cross-border collaboration between chemistry and life to transform pollution into resources.

　　化学视角：硫的“变形记”

　　Chemical Perspective: The "Metamorphosis of Sulfur"

　　硫在自然界中以多种形态存在：从矿物中的硫化物（如FeS₂），到有机物中的硫醇、硫醚，再到气体中的H₂S和SO₂。传统物理化学脱硫依赖高温、高压或强氧化剂，通过氧化还原反应将硫固定为硫酸盐（SO₄²⁻）或单质硫（S⁰）。例如，石灰石-石膏法脱硫用CaCO₃中和SO₂生成CaSO₄，但产生大量固体废物。

　　Sulfur exists in various forms in nature: from sulfides in minerals (such as FeS ₂), to thiols and sulfides in organic compounds, and to H ₂ S and SO ₂ in gases. Traditional physical and chemical desulfurization relies on high temperature, high pressure, or strong oxidants to fix sulfur into sulfate (SO ₄² ⁻) or elemental sulfur (S ⁰) through redox reactions. For example, the limestone gypsum method for desulfurization uses CaCO3 to neutralize SO ₂ and generate CaSO ₄, but generates a large amount of solid waste.

　　生物脱硫则另辟蹊径。微生物通过酶催化，在温和条件下实现硫的转化。以硫化氢氧化为例，硫杆菌属（Thiobacillus）细菌能将H₂S氧化为硫酸：

　　Biological desulfurization takes a different approach. Microorganisms achieve sulfur conversion under mild conditions through enzymatic catalysis. Taking hydrogen sulfide oxidation as an example, Thiobacillus bacteria can oxidize H ₂ S to sulfuric acid:

　　H₂S + 2O₂ → H₂SO₄

　　这一过程无需强酸强碱，且微生物可回收利用反应释放的能量。更精妙的是，某些微生物能选择性氧化有机硫化物中的硫原子，而不破坏碳链，为精细化工提供绿色合成路径。

　　This process does not require strong acids or bases, and microorganisms can recycle the energy released from the reaction. Even more ingeniously, certain microorganisms can selectively oxidize sulfur atoms in organic sulfides without breaking the carbon chain, providing a green synthetic pathway for fine chemicals.

　　生物视角：微生物的“硫”代谢艺术

　　Biological Perspective: The Art of Microbial "Sulfur" Metabolism

　　生物脱硫的核心在于微生物的硫代谢网络。以脱硫弧菌属（Desulfovibrio）为例，这类厌氧菌通过“硫呼吸”将硫酸盐还原为H₂S：

　　The core of biological desulfurization lies in the sulfur metabolism network of microorganisms. Taking Desulfovibrio as an example, this type of anaerobic bacteria reduces sulfate to H ₂S through "sulfur respiration":

　　SO₄²⁻ + 8H⁺ + 8e⁻ → S²⁻ + 4H₂O

　　这一过程不仅净化废水，还能回收H₂S用于制硫磺或硫酸。而好氧菌如硫杆菌，则通过氧化硫化物获取能量，其代谢途径中关键的硫氧化酶（如Sox酶系）能直接催化硫的多元氧化，无需中间体积累。

　　This process not only purifies wastewater, but also recovers H ₂ S for the production of sulfur or sulfuric acid. Aerobic bacteria such as sulfur bacteria obtain energy by oxidizing sulfides, and key sulfur oxidase enzymes (such as Sox enzyme system) in their metabolic pathways can directly catalyze the multivariate oxidation of sulfur without intermediate volume accumulation.

　　更前沿的研究聚焦于基因编辑技术。科学家通过敲除或过表达特定基因，改造微生物的硫代谢通路。例如，敲除硫酸盐还原酶基因的工程菌，可专一性氧化硫化物而不产生H₂S，避免二次污染。

　　More cutting-edge research focuses on gene editing technology. Scientists modify the sulfur metabolism pathway of microorganisms by knocking out or overexpressing specific genes. For example, engineered bacteria that knock out the sulfate reductase gene can specifically oxidize sulfides without producing H ₂ S, avoiding secondary pollution.

　　跨界应用：从烟气到石油的“硫”遁术

　　Cross border application: the "sulfur" escape technique from flue gas to oil

　　生物脱硫技术已渗透多个领域：

　　Biological desulfurization technology has penetrated into multiple fields:

　　烟气脱硫：生物滤塔中，微生物将SO₂转化为硫酸盐，产物可作肥料，实现“以废治废”。

　　Flue gas desulfurization: In the biological filtration tower, microorganisms convert SO ₂ into sulfates, which can be used as fertilizers to achieve "waste to waste" treatment.

　　石油脱硫：原油中的噻吩类硫化物难以通过加氢脱硫彻底去除。生物催化剂能选择性裂解C-S键，保留油品热值的同时降低硫含量。

　　Petroleum desulfurization: Thiophene sulfides in crude oil are difficult to completely remove through hydrogenation desulfurization. Biocatalysts can selectively cleave C-S bonds, retaining the calorific value of oil while reducing sulfur content.

　　废水处理：含硫废水经生物反应器处理后，硫以单质或硫酸盐形式回收，水质达标排放。

　　Wastewater treatment: After being treated by a bioreactor, sulfur-containing wastewater is recovered in the form of elemental or sulfate, and the water quality meets the standard for discharge.

　　未来挑战：效率与规模的博弈

　　Future Challenge: The Game of Efficiency and Scale

　　尽管生物脱硫具备绿色、低成本优势，但其工业化仍面临挑战：微生物活性易受温度、pH波动影响；处理高浓度含硫废料时，需解决中间产物抑制问题。为此，研究者正开发固定化细胞技术、合成微生物组等策略，提升系统稳定性。

　　Despite the green and low-cost advantages of biological desulfurization, its industrialization still faces challenges: microbial activity is easily affected by temperature and pH fluctuations; When dealing with high concentration sulfur-containing waste, it is necessary to address the issue of intermediate product inhibition. To this end, researchers are developing strategies such as immobilized cell technology and synthetic microbiome to enhance system stability.

　　从化学键的断裂重组，到微生物的能量博弈，生物脱硫技术诠释了“污染即资源”的哲学。随着基因编辑与合成生物学的突破，这场“硫”的魔法秀，或将重塑人类与硫元素的共生关系。

　　From the breaking and recombination of chemical bonds to the energy game of microorganisms, biological desulfurization technology interprets the philosophy of "pollution is a resource". With breakthroughs in gene editing and synthetic biology, this "sulfur" magic show may reshape the symbiotic relationship between humans and sulfur elements.

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